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Ted MacKinnon. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. Total stations have evolved from theodolites precision instruments for measuring angles in horizontal and vertical planes and in one-sense can still be considered as an electronic theodolite integrated with a distance meter in order to calculate slope and distances to particular points and capable of diverse mapping and spatial position measuring tasks.

Total stations combine a number of technologies to achieve remarkable accuracy and reliability. The first, an extension of traditional transits and theodolites, is the ability to register very fine angular divisions.

The error of radial measurements increases with distance from the measuring device. The angular precision for common theodolite instruments ranges from 20 seconds of arc to less than 1 second of arc. To provide some idea of how well positional accuracy is conserved over distance with these levels of angular precision, a rule of thumb is that 1 second of arc is about 1 cm error over a m distance, so the maximum angular error of a 1 second of arc Total station would be 1 cm when measuring a point that is 2 km away from the instrument.

A 10 second of arc instrument would achieve the same accuracy at a distance of m. Therefore total stations increase the range of a survey while maintaining precise positional accuracies. The second, more novel aspect of total stations is that they measure the distance to the target point with an infrared laser emitted by an EDM electronic distance measuring device and reflected back with a prism held vertically above the actual point of interest.

The actual accuracy is determined by the wavelength of the infrared light used, and errors can range from as little as 1 mm plus 1 ppm to around 5 mm plus 5 ppm. Thus, at 2, m, a distance error would vary from 3 mm to 15 mm over this range of accuracies.

The total distance that the EDM can measure depends on a number of variables, including atmospheric conditions, quality of the EDM, and the number of prism reflectors used as targets over top of the destination points.

Total stations produce the same basic spherical measures as optical survey instruments; horizontal and vertical angles and a radial distance measure. Total stations differ, however, by collecting additional data and then calculating additional measurements. Most importantly, most total stations are capable of simultaneous trigonometric conversion of spherical survey coordinates to Cartesian orthogonal spatial measurements For more information on this and other related documents see tmackinnon.

The coordinates of the setup position of the total station can also be inputted by the user or found within a data register and consistently offset from the measured points. This allows all measurements to be taken with reference to a single datum, eliminating the need to manually adjust the data from different local datums to the overall site grid. Computational abilities go far beyond simple transformations, and most total stations carry a number of useful other programs in their memory for various other survey techniques.

For instance, with the free station function, a total station can be setup over top of an unknown point and it can calculate the current unknown position after several measurements are recorded to a couple of known points. Some newer models of total stations now even have GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System interfaces built into them that allow precise measurements without virtually having to know the coordinates of any known points.

The Leica TPS Professional Series was designed to provide practical solutions to make surveying processes simple, efficient and productive. This document features the Leica total station model TCR and was created to provide a brief overview of the survey instrument as well as provide important operational instructions for some of its basic functionality and practical uses.

Some of the sections will provide step by step instructions through all the necessary actions to get certain tasks completed and some of the other sections will be slightly broader and intended for more informational purposes.

The contents in our TCR case are displayed in the photo above, clockwise starting with top left corner are; basic user manual, TCR total station unit and 2 batteries, target plate, computer serial cable, flash card, car charger, AC power cord, battery charger, lens cover, weather cover, height meter measuring tape and customized plastic hook , and various allen hex keys.

Other equipment used in the operation of the unit are displayed in the photo on the left and include a survey grade tripod, reflective survey prisms and aluminum poles with height measurement labelled and built in level bubbles to mount the prisms onto.

The reflective survey prisms can also be used with survey grade tripods shown below when mounted on tribrachs. For more information on this and other related documents see tmackinnon. To do this you will need to have Leica Survey Office software suite installed on your laptop or personal computer.

First step is to decide what type of information you are planning to collect, what type of attributes you wish to have associated with the data set and then create a general list on paper. Next you will need to click on the Leica Survey Office icon to initiate the software program. After the software has started up, you should see a narrow rectangular window with a configuration like shown in the image on the left. From the main menu select File and then under that menu select New. A small Codelist type window should pop open, here you need to select the Instrument class e.

TPS type that you are working with and the Codelist type e. Next the window will change slightly and you will need to provide a Codelist Name: e. TSMan for your attributes and then enter in the Author e. The process should have resulted in a new window appearing in the Codelist Manager window with the name of the codelist file mentioned in the header of the window, a white side along the left and a table found on the right hand side.

Next click in the Code field and begin entering all of your codes, descriptions, short cuts and type of data for your attributes Note: Shortcuts only work for type equal to free, or when a Code is not really describing an object. Once you have all tour attributes entered into the codelist window, chose File from the main menu and then select Save to save your new code list.

You can however generate lines or polygon data later on while post processing the data after you return to the office] For more information on this and other related documents see tmackinnon.

Once you do this the Data Exchange Manager should have open up and look similar to a file manager window. Connect the Total Station to your PC using the provided serial cable ensure the instrument is level, and turned off while you are connecting it An Alternate method is to remove the PCMCIA card and use a card reader or you can also use an internal PC Card slot for any data transfer.

After the unit is connected to the PC it should turn itself on. The total station files will appear in the file tree in the left hand side and your computer files should appear in the file tree in the right hand window. A progress window should open up and your file will begin to upload to the unit. Next close the Leica Survey Office window. Finally switch off the total station instrument and disconnect the serial cable from your computer.

The display window is made up of several items stored in menu like configuration. The header of the window allows the user to know what menu they are choosing options for and a dark cursor bar lets the user know what option they could select if they were using the control keys. Items on the screen above those selections can be chosen by using either the arrow keys or by using the function keys.

Using the function keys e. F1, F2, F3 etc. The escape function allows a user to either cancel a selection that they did not intend to make or to go back to the previous menu.

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