Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Areej Sidhik. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. The language was developed to make programming easy for people who already understood how switches, relay contacts and coils work.
Originally, there were only a few functions available in this language, but as times have progressed, many more higher-level functions have been introduced. We are going to stick to the basic, commonly used functions here. Also, this text will not replace the user's manual that comes with a PLC, but it will give you a big head start if you have never programmed a PLC.
This course is intended to provide an introduction to the programming methods used in PLCs and give the reader a solid, basic understanding of the language of Ladder Logic. After you complete this course, you may be interested in learning about hardware-specific software and programming techniques.
Ladder Logic I have summarized the terms and techniques you need to know if you are going to work with ladder logic. It is not a comprehensive summary, as that would take volumes of text, but if you are just starting out, the information in this book will be very helpful.
Every PLC programmer, no matter what skill level, must have learned the principles described in this book at one point in time. There is simply no way around it. I have included a program for a simple machine that lets you really understand how Ladder Logic works. To effectively write a program, or even edit one, the programmer must know how to visualize the effects of the changes he will make.
This course will teach you how to do that. After you read and understand this, you will have a clear understanding of the structure of this type of programming. In the real world of industrial automation, the methods presented in this document may be all that many people will ever need to know. It can be an input, output or internal coil, among others. The internal coil has no connection to the outside world. It does not connect to an output card. Internal coils are used to store information.
An internal coil is labeled COIL in our example. When used with a hardwired input, this instruction is "true" until there is a voltage applied to the input.
If it is used as an internal coil, it will toggle the instructions associated with it. That is, it will close a normally open instruction and open a normally closed instruction. It requires the use of its "timer finished" bit, like a time delay relay uses its contact.
It could be used to keep track of machine cycles, count parts, etc. It can be programmed with a preset value that triggers another event when the count is reached. If you press a pushbutton switch that is wired to an input, then the bit is said to be true. Also, if the logic in a rung turns on the output of the rung, then the rung is said to be true. For example, if you wanted to turn on a light with a momentary pushbutton, you would wire it like the circuit below.
When you press PB1, the pilot light PL1 lights up. Now let's do the same thing in a PLC. Each PLC manufacturer gives you the details of wiring their particular modules.
Therefore, the PL1 output is off. It will stay on only as long as you hold the button in. Just like electrical current has to flow through the switch to turn on the light in the hardwired circuit, the logic has to "flow" through the normally open instruction which is closed when you press the switch of INPUT1 to energize the output that turns on PL1.
The programming terminal display will look something like this as you hold in PB1. Suppose you want to delay running a motor for 2 seconds after you turn on a switch. You can use the input from the switch to run a timer.
Program the timer for the duration you want and then use the "timer finished" bit to turn on your motor. In this instance, we have configured an "on delay" timing sequence. Note that there is no "off delay" here. As soon as the start switch is released, the "timer finished" bit will drop out and the motor will stop.
With a little creativity, you can combine timers to provide any timing function you need. Most PLCs are programmed via a Windows based terminal. Editing, deleting or adding to the ladder logic is usually pretty straightforward. You use the arrow keys or the mouse to add instructions, change addresses or comments, etc. These terminals will usually have the capability of programming online or offline. This requires great care and a full understanding of what will happen when you make the change.
Scan Time One critical difference between a PLC program and the equivalent electrical circuit is the issue of scanning. Then, it ignores what is happening electrically at the inputs. The PLC will use the information in the temporary buffer to execute the logic in the program.
It will solve the logic from top to bottom, determining the truth of each rung, and turn on or turn off the appropriate addresses in the temporary buffer. When it reaches the last rung in the program, the PLC will use the data in the temporary buffer to turn on or turn off the corresponding outputs. The scan cycle is complete, and the PLC will once again look at the inputs. The amount of time this takes is called scan time, and is measured in milliseconds.
Stated more simply, the PLC reads the inputs, performs the logic and adjusts the outputs as needed. The inputs are updated during the program scan. In high-speed applications, such as bottling or pharmaceutical lines, this can cause problems. The best way to learn a programming language is to look at a real world example.
However, before you can do any programming, you must have a clear understanding of how the machine works. The entire process needs to be automatic. The mechanical and electrical engineers bring you an isometric drawing like the one shown here. The main conveyor will transport the part into the machine where the part will meet a pneumatically actuated stop gate. At that time, another pneumatic cylinder will actuate a clamp that will push the part back against the conveyor wall.
This will hold the part in place during the drilling process. Photocells will verify that the part is in position; the spindle will lower and proceed to drill a hole in the part. The cycle then repeats itself for each part that comes down the line. Sequence of Operation Here is a more detailed explanation of the drilling process: When the machine starts, the stop gate lowers and the part is moved into position by the main conveyor.
Optical sensors photoeyes determine when the part is in place. When the part is positioned correctly, a clamp extends to hold the part in place. A sensor in the drill press spindle tells the PLC when the spindle has reached the end of its travel. After the hole is drilled, the spindle retracts, the clamp retracts, the stop gate is lifted and the part is carried out of the machine by the main conveyor.
Though the device name, such as PB1, would not show up on the actual station, it is a good idea to show them on your drawing. Do not skip this crucial step. The text in the fixed font is basically the information that you would see if you were looking at the monitor of the computer or a printout.
In actual practice, the fonts used in PLC software vary widely. For the purposes of this book, we want to easily differentiate the program logic from our explanations of the logic. For purposes of this manual, I have placed additional explanations between rungs. This section contains free e-books and guides on Plc, which can be viewed online or downloadable in pdf, chm, rar or zip. Working with PLC programmable logic controllers involved into manufacturing processes can be a bit different than handling your usual PC or workstation.
A special kind of skills and training is required, since such digital computers are specifically adapted for industrial undertakings. PLCTrainer was designed to address training and learning the basic and advanced knowledge required when dealing with PLCs, through a tutorial-based demeanor.
The app bases its entire functionality on a tutorial that is made out of different sections, all accessible through a dropdown menu. A useful feature is the fact that users can navigate through the different sections even when they are within the training itself, thanks to a set of dedicated playback controls. Beside the training data and learning through interactive slides, users can also resort to a knowledge quiz, which will put their knowledge to the test.
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